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They were primarily armed as spear-men and fought in a phalanx (see below). A typical Athenian slave formed part of his master's household and was initially . Defying convention, he strengthened the left flank of the phalanx to an unheard of depth of 50 ranks, at the expense of the centre and the right. In their governing body, the Assembly (Ecclesia), all adult male citizens, perhaps10 to 15 percent of the total population, were eligible to vote. Darius was already ruler of the cities of Ionia, and the wars are taken to start when they rebelled in 499 BC. The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative historiography, while earlier ancient history or protohistory is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy . From the start, the mismatch in the opposing forces was clear. This helped the region because the tributes paid by each and every city-state were reduced with the increasing number of members joining the league. The city-states of Ancient Greece had different governments and were constantly changing alliances. Department of Greek and Roman Art. Thucydides wrote that Sparta contemplated an invasion of Attica in order to help free Thasos. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or (Mnemosyne, Supplements 409). Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. 446The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica: Athens continued their indirect war with Sparta by attempting to gain control of Delphi. The period between the catastrophic end of the Mycenaean civilization and about 900 bce is often called a Dark Age. The most famous of these was the Dorian invasion, which the Greeks called, or connected with, the legendary return of the descendants of Heracles. Although much about that invasion is problematicit left little or no archaeological trace at the point in time where tradition puts itthe problems are of no concern here. Athens, suspecting a plot by the Spartans to overthrow the democracy and to prevent the building of the Long Walls, then attacked the Spartans at Tanagra in Boeotia with a force of 14,000. Although alliances between city-states were commonplace, the scale of this league was a novelty, and the first time that the Greeks had united in such a way to face an external threat. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2018. According to Thucydides, the Athenians were deeply offended by their removal from Ithome. Cavalry had always existed in Greek armies of the classical era but the cost of horses made it far more expensive than hoplite armor, limiting cavalrymen to nobles and the very wealthy (social class of hippeis).